Disease and health Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Disease and health - Case Study Example This paper, therefore examines certain aspects and issues in sexually transmitted diseases by trying answer the question on the extent sexual contact has played in the spread of STDs by looking at the keys issues affecting the topic, possible future scenarios and offering various interventions measures that can be applied in solving the issues (Shoquist & Stafford, 2004). Sexually transmitted diseases remain the most dangerous and prevalent health issues affecting many individuals especially youths in our society today. The society has taken a large stance in promoting abstinence in key issues related to sexual activities in the society. The results has however been drastic because the failure of explaining issues on the topic of sex has led to key issues which contributes to the spread of the sexually transmitted diseases among youths and the society at large. This has been caused as result of the sensitive nature of the topic as many individuals engage in sexual activities therefore finding it difficult to openly discuss the topic amongst themselves and to the younger generations in particular (Greenwood, 2012). The different issues affecting the spread of sexually transmitted diseases are biological factors. STDs are known to be acquired by having unprotected sex with an infected partners and due to the fact that majority of STDs do not show symptoms at early stage, many of those who are infected can not tell that they need medical treatment. Moreover for those who are not infected it becomes extremely difficult to identify those with the infections. In relating to the issue of gender disparities, women constitute a large percentage of those suffering from complex sexually transmitted diseases than men. This is normally so because of the severity of the effects of STDs on them. Likewise, in relating to age disparity issue, youths are the ones prone to contact sexually disease more than adults because of the numerous sexually partners they have. In

A Ticket Booking System For Theatre

A Ticket Booking System For Theatre The purpose of the online ticket booking system is to provide another way for purchasing cinema tickets in advance. It is an automatic system. This paper presents a formal use of the Object Oriented analysis and Design, we will illustrate our system by providing Use Case Diagrams with Specifications, Activity Diagrams, Class Diagrams, Sequence Diagrams, State Machines and Communication Diagrams on the functionalities of the system, also we will provide some process description and data dictionary. The goals of our system are: Record performance details Record customer details Record tickets sold Print tickets Print address labels for telephone booking Task 1: Functional Modelling Identification of Actors Use Cases Analyzing the existing system we figured out that, there are two main scopes to be covered in the system. The scopes are Performance Planning and Ticket Booking. We used the below table to identify the Actors and the Use Cases for the system. User Role Use Case Theatre Manager Performance planning Define the type of the performance and name it. Performance scheduling Define date and time of the performance. Artist booking Book an artist for the performance. Ticket pricing Determine a price for the ticket. Clerk Check schedule Check the performance schedule for a particular show on a date. Check seat availability Checks for available seats Capture customer information Record customer details Check ticket price Check for ticket price for particular show. Sell ticket Record tickets sold. Print ticket Print ticket for the customer. Print address label Print address label for telephone booking. Use Case Diagram Following diagram shows the overall view of the Ticket Booking System for Theatre. Figure 1: Use Case Diagram (Performance Planning Ticket Booking) Use Case Specification Table 1: Use Case of Performance Planning Number: UC01 Req. Doc Ref: Name: Performance Planning Status: Actors: Theatre Manager Pre-requisites: User should be logged in the system. Goal: Defining the performance type and naming it. Use Case Relationships: Extend:UC02, UC03 Include: Association: Generalization: Description: Index Actor Event 1 User enters the name of the performance. 2 User enters the type of the performance. 3 System checks for all required data entry. 4 System connects to the database. 5 System writes data into the database. 6 System shows a confirmation message after successful database writes. Alternatives: Index Actor Event A 3.1 Enter required information. A 4.1 Check network connectivity A 4.2 Check database connectivity A 4.3 Check database user role A 5.1 Theatre manager gets notification of unsuccessful operation. Table 2: Use Case of Performance Scheduling Number: UC02 Req. Doc Ref: Name: Performance Scheduling Status: Actors: Theatre Manager Pre-requisites: User should be logged in the system. Performance planning (UC01) should be inserted into the system. Goal: Define date and time of the performance. Use Case Relationships: Extend: Include: Association: Generalization: Description: Index Actor Event 1 User selects the desired performance from the system. 2 User enters the date of the performance. 3 User enters the time of the performance. 4 System checks for all required data entry. 5 System connects to the database. 6 System writes data into the database. 7 System shows a confirmation message after successful database writes. Alternatives: Index Actor Event A 3.1 Enter required information. A 5.1 Check network connectivity A 5.2 Check database connectivity A 5.3 Check database user role A 6.1 Theatre manager gets notification of unsuccessful operation. Table 3: Use Case of Artist Booking Number: UC03 Req. Doc Ref: Name: Artist Booking Status: Actors: Theatre Manager Pre-requisites: User should be logged in the system. Performance planning (UC01) should be inserted into the system. Goal: Book an artist for the performance. Use Case Relationships: Extend: Include: Association: Generalization: Description: Index Actor Event 1 User selects the desired performance from the system. 2 User enters the name of the desired artist. 3 System checks for all required data entry. 4 System connects to the database. 5 System writes data into the database. 6 System shows a confirmation message after successful database writes. Alternatives: Index Actor Event A 3.1 Enter required information. A 4.1 Check network connectivity A 4.2 Check database connectivity A 4.3 Check database user role A 5.1 Theatre manager gets notification of unsuccessful operation. Table 5: Use Case of Schedule Checking Number: UC04 Req. Doc Ref: Name: Schedule Checking Status: Actors: Clerk Pre-requisites: User should be logged in the system. Performance scheduling (UC02) should be inserted into the system. Goal: Check the performance schedule for a particular show on a date. Use Case Relationships: Extend: UC01 Include: Association: Generalization: Description: Index Actor Event 1 User selects a desired performance and a date. 2 System shows a confirmation message for the availability of the performance. 3 System allows the user to perform the next event (UC06). Alternatives: Index Actor Event A 1.1 System notifies the user that the performance is unavailable on the desired date. Table 6: Use Case of Check Seat Availability Number: UC05 Req. Doc Ref: Name: Check Seat Availability Status: Actors: Clerk Pre-requisites: User should be logged in the system. Schedule checking (UC05) should be performed by the user. Goal: Checks for available seats. Use Case Relationships: Extend: Include: Association: Generalization: Description: Index Actor Event 1 User selects a desired performance and a date. 2 System shows a confirmation message for the availability of the seat. 3 System allows the user to perform the next event (UC07). Alternatives: Index Actor Event A 1.1 System notifies the user that the seat is unavailable for the desired performance. Table 7: Use Case of Capturing Customer Information Number: UC06 Req. Doc Ref: Name: Capture Customer Information Status: Actors: Clerk Pre-requisites: User should be logged in the system. Seat checking (UC06) should be performed by the user. Goal: Record customer details. Use Case Relationships: Extend: Include: Association: Generalization: Description: Index Actor Event 1 User enters the name, address and telephone number of the customer. 2 System checks for all required data entry. 3 System connects to the database. 4 System writes data into the database. 5 System shows a confirmation message after successful database writes. Alternatives: Index Actor Event A 2.1 Enter required information. A 3.1 Check network connectivity A 3.2 Check database connectivity A 3.3 Check database user role A 4.1 User gets notification of unsuccessful operation. Table 8: Use Case of Checking Ticket Price Number: UC07 Req. Doc Ref: Name: Check Ticket Price Status: Actors: Clerk Pre-requisites: User should be logged in the system. Ticket pricing information (UC04) should be entered into the system. Goal: Check for ticket price for particular show Use Case Relationships: Extend: UC01 Include: Association: Generalization: Description: Index Actor Event 1 User selects a desired performance form the system. 2 System shows the defined pricing for the ticket. Alternatives: Index Actor Event A 2.1 Price not found is notified to the user. Table 9: Use Case of Selling Ticket Number: UC08 Req. Doc Ref: Name: Selling Ticket Status: Actors: Clerk Pre-requisites: User should be logged in the system. Check ticket price (UC08) should be performed by the user. Goal: Record tickets sold. Use Case Relationships: Extend: Include: Association: Generalization: Description: Index Actor Event 1 User selects the desired performance from the system. 2 User enters ticket selling date and the ticket price for the desired performance. 3 System checks for all required data entry. 4 System connects to the database. 5 System writes data into the database. 6 System shows a confirmation message after successful database writes. Alternatives: Index Actor Event A 3.1 Enter required information. A 4.1 Check network connectivity A 4.2 Check database connectivity A 4.3 Check database user role A 5.1 Theatre manager gets notification of unsuccessful operation. Table 10: Use Case of Printing Ticket Number: UC09 Req. Doc Ref: Name: Printing Ticket Status: Actors: Clerk Pre-requisites: User should be logged in the system. Check ticket price (UC08) should be performed by the user. Goal: Print ticket for the customer Use Case Relationships: Extend: Include: Association: Generalization: Description: Index Actor Event 1 User triggers the print command for the sold ticket. Alternatives: Index Actor Event A 1.1 Printer not found notification will be given to the user. Table 11: Use Case of Checking Ticket Booking Type Number: UC10 Req. Doc Ref: Name: Check Ticket Booking Type Status: Actors: Clerk Pre-requisites: User should be logged in the system. Print ticket (UC10) should be performed by the user. Goal: Determine the ticket booking type. Use Case Relationships: Extend: Include: Association: Generalization: Description: Index Actor Event 1 User selects the booking type to identify whether the ticket was booked over phone. Alternatives: Index Actor Event Table 12: Use Case of Printing Address Label Number: UC11 Req. Doc Ref: Name: Print Address Label Status: Actors: Clerk Pre-requisites: User should be logged in the system. Ticket booking type (UC11) should be performed by the user. Goal: Print address label for telephone booking Use Case Relationships: Extend: UC11 Include: Association: Generalization: Description: Index Actor Event 1 User triggers the print command to print the address label. Alternatives: Index Actor Event Activity Diagram Based on the system observation, a high level activity diagram is drawn modelling the process of ticket booking for theatre. The activity diagram will bring everybody on a common ground for understanding the system functionalities. Figure 2: Activity Diagram (Performance Planning Ticket Booking) Task 2: Structural Modelling Class Diagram (attributes operations) The following diagram depicts the relationships between the classes for Ticket Booking System along with the attributes and the operations. Figure 3: Class Diagram (Performance Planning Ticket Booking) Task 3: Behavioural Modelling Sequence Diagram The following diagram is a sequence diagram for buying ticket. There are few things I want to state, that this is just one of the sequences of buying ticket. There could be more alternative sequence for buying ticket. For example, we can choice a performance before buying ticket. But the overall structures of all buying ticket sequence are similar, so, others sequence will not be shown. Figure 4: Sequence Diagram (Performance Planning Ticket Booking) State Machine Diagram Below diagram is used to give an abstract description of the behaviour of the ticket booking system. This behaviour is analyzed and represented in series of events that could occur in one or more possible states. Hereby each diagram usually represents objects of a single class and tracks the different states of its objects through the system. Figure 5: State Machine Diagram (Performance Planning Ticket Booking) Communication Diagram Communication diagram is similar to sequence diagrams, but it provides an overview of the relationships between objects, rather than focusing on the order of messages between objects, as the software executes. Figure 6: Communication Diagram (Performance Planning Ticket Booking) Task 4: Data Protection Law Introduction In Bangladesh Cyber Acts are in a process to be implemented. The Government of Bangladesh has formed National Council for Science and Technology (NCST). The Executive Committee for NCST has also been formed to implement policies formulated by the Council. Currently NCST is working with the general boundaries to protect the ICT industry and specific laws are yet to be decided. For our application we can follow the acts and regulations from UK. Laws, Regulations and Best Practices The Data Protection Act gives individuals the right to know what information is held about them. It provides a framework to ensure that personal information is handled properly. The Act works in two ways. Firstly, it states that anyone who processes personal information must comply with eight principles, which make sure that personal information is: Fairly and lawfully processed Processed for limited purposes Adequate, relevant and not excessive Accurate and up to date Not kept for longer than is necessary Processed in line with your rights Secure Not transferred to other countries without adequate protection The second area covered by the Act provides individuals with important rights, including the right to find out what personal information is held on computer and most paper records. Data protection laws should be adequate enough to maintain the below options at a minimum- How to access information This allows one to find out what information is held about him/her on a computer and within some manual records, such as medical records, files held by public bodies and financial information held by credit reference agencies. Correcting information This allows one to apply to a court to order a data controller to correct, block, remove or destroy personal details if they are inaccurate or contain expressions of opinion based on inaccurate information. Preventing processing of information This means one can ask a data controller not to process information about him/her that causes substantial unwarranted damage or distress. The data controller is not always bound to act on the request. Preventing unsolicited marketing This means a data controller is required not to process information about one for direct marketing purposes if he/she asks them not to. Preventing automated decision making This means one can object to decisions made only by automatic means. For example, where there is no human involvement. Claiming compensation This allows one to claim compensation through the courts from a data controller for damage, and in some cases distress, caused by any breach of the act. Exempt information This allows one to ask the information commissioner to investigate and assess whether the data controller has breached the act. There should be a committee (in our case NCTS could be the choice) that will have legal powers to ensure that organizations comply with the requirements of the data protection laws. It is notable here that these powers are focused on ensuring that organizations meet the obligations of the act. To promote best practices the regulation- The committee should carry out consensual audits with data controllers to assess their processing of personal information. The committee should see auditing as a constructive process with real benefits for data controllers. The committee should adopt, wherever possible, a participative approach including working closely with the data controller to agree the timing and scope of the audit. Comply with Data Protection Law A short checklist can help us to comply with the data protection laws in our system. Maintaining all the items in the checklist does guarantee compliance but it should mean that we are heading in the right direction. We should store only the related information about the customer and the personnelà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s involved with the system. And we need to make sure that we know what we are going to do with the information. The person should know, what are the information we are holding. He/she should understand what it will be used for. Information should be held securely whether ità ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s on the paper or on computer. The system should prevent any unwanted access of its resources. The information should be deleted as soon as there is no need for it. Access control list should be created with a strict need to know to prevent data access from all kind of users of the system. We should train the stuff in their duties and responsibilities under the act that we are putting them in to practice. Recommendations Being a strategic regulator means that, in so far as we have a choice, we have to be selective with our interventions. We will therefore apply our limited resources in ways that deliver the maximum return in terms of a sustained reduction in data protection risk. That is the risk of harm through improper use of personal information. There are priorities we have to set. We need to focus most attention on situations where there is a real likelihood of serious harm. We also need to focus on situations where our intervention is most likely to make a long term as well as a short term difference. When we intervene we must do so in a way that gives us the best possible return and remember that we will often be at our most effective when working closely with others. We are entitled to have legitimate expectations of those who are in a position to influence data protection risk. Our effectiveness depends on them seeking and welcoming our reasonable interventions. Furthermore we have an important international role. Data protection risk in the Bangladesh is increasingly influenced by events worldwide. Our risk-based approach is in line with good regulatory practice. It does not mean that we seek to remove all data protection risk. We do what we can to moderate the most serious risks and protect those who are most vulnerable to improper use of their information. But we will not try to take away freedom of choice and will remember that individuals themselves ought to be best placed to make decisions about their own interests. Part of our job is to equip individuals with the knowledge and tools to enable them to make their own well-informed decisions about the use and disclosure of their personal information. Being a strategic regulator also means extending our approach beyond simply improving (through guidance, persuasion and regulatory action) the behaviour of organisations that handle personal information. We also have a legitimate role in informing and influencing the market or political environment in which they operate. Thus we will seek to have long term influence over government and the legislature at Westminster and in the devolved administrations as well as over representative bodies and other stakeholders, to ensure privacy friendly outcomes. We will also seek to influence the legal framework that governs our own work to ensure that data protection requirements are simple, meaningful and proportionate and that we have the flexibility and tools to regulate effectively. Building public confidence in data protection is the key in our approach. We protect people, not just information. This means we need to engage with the public and explain what we do in a way that they can easily understand and relate to. This commitment is at the heart of how we approach our job as data protection regulator and will inform all our data protection tasks including complaints handling and the provision of advice. Task 5: Ticket Printing Produce Tickets To protect the tickets from being forged or copied we can use a barcode on each ticket. Weà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ll print a unique 10-digit number as a barcode on the tickets, which will be checked at the entrance with the software and a simple barcode scanner. As each barcode can only be used once to enter, copied or forged tickets are rejected and the revenues are protected. By default, the tickets will be labeled with random numbers with 10 digits, which will serve as copy protection. Figure 7: Sample barcode to print on tickets Seat Allocation Tickets will be printed with seat numbers, with serial numbers. Section names can be in different colours to facilitate orientation. For sections with an aisle a seat description can be added to the seat number (e.g. left, right), which helps the visitor to find the seat. Figure 8: Sample barcode to print on ticket with seat no. Hardware for printing tickets There are numerous tickets available in the market but I found D-Link printers suitable for our system. Below are the details of the hardware- Description: With the DSA-3100 and the DSA-3100P Ticket Printer, businesses and organizations can provide free or fee-based broadband Internet access to their customers or members. No complex billing system is required, guaranteeing a quick and convenient Internet experience for operators and their hot spot users. The DSA-3100P is hassle-free hot spot ticket printer that communicates with the DSA-3100 Public/Private Gateway to generate and print log-in usernames and passwords for the hot spot customers. Patented for easy loading, the DSA-3100P is connected to the DSA-3100 gateway via its RS-232 serial communication. With the DSA-3100P, the DSA-3100 gateway can manage and store up to 2,000 user accounts in its internal database and support up to 50 logged-in users at any time. Features: Printing Method: Thermal Dot Line Printing Print Speed: 80 mm/Second Connectivity: RS-232 Serial Compatibility: D-Link DSA-3100 Public/Private Gateway Specification: Manufacturer D-Link Manufacturer Part # DSA-3100P Device Type Thermal Line Label Printer Media Handling Media Type Receipt Paper Max Media Size 2.2 Max Printing Width 1.9 Roll Maximum Outer Diameter 3.3 Total Capacity 1 Roll Connectivity Interfaces 1 x RS-232 Serial Included Cables 1 x Serial Cable Power Requirements Power Supply External, 3.5 V DC Dimensions(H X W X D) Unit 4.6 x 3.8 x 6.3 Weight Unit 0.9 lbs Price: $375 Figure 9: D-Link DSA-3100P Ticket Printer Task 6: Database Design Database Design Figure 10: Database Design (Performance Planning Ticket Booking) Data Dictionary Table: Artist Attribute Data Type Length Primary Key Ref. Table ArtistID Integer Yes ArtistName Varchar 100 Table: Performance Attribute Data Type Length Primary Key Ref. Table PerformanceID Integer Yes PerformanceName Varchar 100 TicketPriceID Integer TicketPrice ArtistID Integer Artist Table: TicketPrice Attribute Data Type Length Primary Key Ref. Table TicketPriceID Integer Yes PerformanceID Integer Performance TicketPrice Numeric (18,2) Table: PerformanceSchedule Attribute Data Type Length Primary Key Ref. Table ScheduleID Integer Yes PerformanceID Integer Performance PerformanceDate Date Table: Customer Attribute Data Type Length Primary Key Ref. Table CustomerID Integer Yes Name Varchar 100 Address Varchar 250 Telephone Varchar 20 Table: Sales Attribute Data Type Length Primary Key Ref. Table SalesID Integer Yes PerformanceID Integer Performance ScheduleID Integer PerformanceSchedule TicketPriceID Integer TicketPrice CustomerID Integer Customer BookingType Boolean Table: SeatAllocation Attribute Data Type Length Primary Key Ref. Table SeatID Integer Yes SalesID Integer Sales SeatNoFrom Integer SeatNoTo Integer Task 7: Object-Orient Approaches vs. Standard Approaches Standard Approaches Standard approach includes many variations based on techniques used to develop information system with structured and modular programming. Standard analysis and design techniques are a software engineering methodology for describing systems as a hierarchy of functions. Below are the characteristics of Standard Approaches. Approach for structured analysis consists of the following objects: Data Flow Diagrams (DFD) Shows processes and flow of data in and out of these processes. Does not show control structures (loops) Contains 5 graphic symbols (shown later) Uses layers to decompose complex systems Can be used to show logical and physical Is a quantum leap forward to other techniques at the time, I.e. monolithic descriptions with globs of text. Context Diagram

Essay --

â€Å"Little Dancer, Aged 14† In 1881, Edgar Degas caused a scandal by unveiling Little Dancer Aged Fourteen (Petite danseuse de quatorze ans), his wax sculpture of a young ballet "rat†. Today, Degas' creation is considered a masterwork of Impressionist sculpture, a piece worthy of detailed study in an international exhibition. It wasn't just the subject matter of Little Dancer that repulsed critics in 1881 at an exhibition in which impressionist presented their work. The little dancer, Marie van Goethem, was a normal girl standing in a very normal position; it shows her hands behind her back instead of dancing. That ordinariness irritated those who believed that sculpture had to be monumental in subject and design. Degas also had the foolhardiness to use real materials, a muslin tutu, linen bodice, satin ballet shoes, a real hair wig and a colored satin ribbon rather than the customary media of bronze, stone and wood. (Wolgamott) Edgar Degas’s birth name was Hilaire-Germain-Edgar De Gas. He was born in July of 1834 in Paris, France. Compared to most families at this time, he grew up moderately wealthy. Degas began to paint when he was very young. By the time he graduated from school in 1853, when he was 18, with a baccalaureate in literature, he created an art studio in his home to create his works of art. â€Å"After he completed high school, he applied to work in the Louvre Museum; however his father pressured him into to law school not believing in art as a career. Degas enrolled at the Faculty of Law of the University of Paris in November 1853, but put forth very little effort to his studies if any at all. In the early months of 1855, Degas was granted access to the École des Beaux-Arts, a French art school, his mentor whom he stu... ...ind it concerning that his subject would be of this age even for this period of time. My focus, unlike the professionals who critiqued this sculpture, is not based on the child’s aesthetics, it is on her age and why she is posing nude for an artist. One can’t help but think further on that subject, and how that Degas and other powerful male figures abused their power. The use of the cloth corset, satin objects and real hair wig is fascinating to me. In this era of art although the artwork that was created was of â€Å"real† things, you would not see the use of various materials on a clay sculpture. In fact, the idea was unheard of. Degas was one of the leading creators of the impressionism period along with Monet, without them the art world would not be the same and we would not view art and the various brush strokes and darkness of colors in the same light.

Disadvantages of Social Network Essay

Having a social network or using social network might bring a lot of benefits for students but it is not all sunshine and roses because everything in life will have it own advantages and disadvantages. Thus, the first disadvantages for using social network are it can reduce one learning and research capabilities. When it is too easy for them to have information the students will rely on the accessibility of information on social media specifically and the web in general to provide all the answers to their task. This will effect on the students learning and research capabilities as they only take the information exactly from the social media without learning the topic by heart. Everything is easy to them so the students will become less interested to learn the topic and they just do the research for the sake of completing the task given. Next the disadvantages of using social network are the reduction in real human contact. The more time the students spend on these social media sites, the less time they will spend socializing in person with the others. This will reduce their communication skills as they will not be able to communicate well and effectively in person with the others. Employers nowadays become more and more unsatisfied with the communication skills of the fresh graduates due to this reason. What all might not know is effective communication skills are keys to success in the real world. In fact, there is a lack of body signals besides other nonverbal cues, including tone and inflection in case of social networking sites. Thus they cannot be considered as an adequate replacement for any face-to-face communication. Not only this, students who are spending a great deal of time on these social networking sites are not able to communicate in person in an effective manner. The last disadvantages of using social network are definitely will reduce command over language usage and their creative writing skills. As we all know social network is popular for it slangs words and shortened forms of words simply because it is believed that they are most likely like to use short form of words in order to fit in. For instance, a social media such as Twitter, it gives a limit of words in posting a tweet. Therefore, students will start to use short forms in order to be able to post something. This will make them create a new slang or forms of words that are shorter than the original words. So without a doubt when they do that students will start to get used of using slang and shortened forms of words in their essays and writings. In this point it  gives the students negative sites as it will reduce a student creative writing skills as they ignore the grammar of a sentence. When this happened, students will start to rely on the computer for their spelling and grammar check features. It will definitely reduce a student ways of using a language and creative writing skills. In brief a social network is a very useful media that gives major effect to students. Although it is all good and beneficial it also has it negative effects on the students. The way of using social network is actually depend on the student itself as they should know the real usage of social network and learn how to balance it and use the technology wisely. Students should know the guide lines and its limit every time they use the social network. This is where peers, teachers and parents need to play a major role by making the student aware of what might affect them if they use social network for good purposes and what they are missing out if they spend too much time on such social media.

Referencing Harvard

It is important to show your reader that you have sought out expert, reliable sources to help support and develop your thinking, and this is done through referencing. The preferring in your assignment: demonstrates good research conduct shows the range of ideas and approaches you have found and thought about acknowledges the sources of those ideas tells your reader where they can locate those sources. Referencing also helps you to avoid plagiarism. If you present someone else's ideas as if they are your own work, or use the exact same language they use without acknowledgment, you are committing plagiarism.Plagiarism can be unintentional due to poor referencing, but the consequences are always serious. Accurate referencing helps you to avoid this. For more information on avoiding plagiarism, visit http://resource. Unions. Du. AU/course/view. PH? Id=1 572 Every time you include words, ideas or information from a source – whether it's a website, book or Journal article – i n your assignment, you must include an in-text reference to show that this content has been gathered from somewhere else.In-text references must be included whenever you: 0 0 0 0 paraphrase someone else's ideas in your own words summaries someone else's ideas in your own words quote someone else's ideas in their exact words copy or adapt a diagram, table or any other visual material. For each source that you reference in-text, you must also create an entry in the preference list at the end of the assignment. 2 How do we reference? There are two components to a Harvard reference: 1) an in-text reference in the body of your assignment Cabochon (2008) explores a range of themes and ideas†¦ ) full reference details in your reference list Cabochon, M 2008, Maps and legends, Immenseness Books, San Francisco. 1) In-text references An in-text reference is provided each time you refer to ideas or information from another source, and includes the following details: 0 0 the author's famil y name (do not include given names) [authoring body or organization the year of publication page numbers where applicable. There are two main ways to present an in-text reference, as shown below.One way gives prominence to the information by placing the reference at the end of your sentence in brackets: Universities can play an active role in finding solutions for climate change (Folio 2010, p. 2). Another way gives prominence to the author by placing the reference in the body of your sentence, with the author's name incorporated into the sentence structure and the date in brackets: Folio (2010, p. 2) argues that universities can play an active role in finding solutions for climate change.Including page numbers Page numbers are included when you: pacific page or pages refer to tables, figures, images or present specific information like dates/statistics. Habeas (2007, p. 48) notes that the novelist ‘draws on an established tradition of appropriating the waning for various soci al and political purposes'. If you do these things for a source without pages – e. G. A website – then Just author and year will suffice. 2) The reference list The reference list provides full bibliographic details for all the sources referred to in your assignment so that readers can easily locate them. Each different source referenced in your essay must have a matching entry in your reference list. It is important to note that the reference list is not a bibliography. A bibliography lists everything you may have read, while a reference list is deliberately limited to those sources for which you have provided in-text references. A bibliography is not needed unless specifically requested by your lecturer.The reference list is titled References and is: 0 arranged alphabetically by author's family name (or title/sponsoring organization where a source has no author) a single list where books, Journal articles and electronic sources are listed together (see sample referenc e list on p. 6 of this guide). The main elements required for all references are the author, year, title and publication information. Single line spacing required Judd, D, Assistant, K & David, GM 2010, A history of American nursing: trends and eras, Jones and Bartlett, London.Candler, PM, Patton, JAG, Coleman, RE, Egotistical, A, Hackers, FIG & Hoofer, BP 1999, Diagnostic nuclear medicine, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore. Whitewater, R 2009, ‘How can nursing intervention research reduce the research-practice gap? , Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, Volvo. 41, no. 4, up. 7- 15. Leave space between each entry No indentation required in second or subsequent lines of an entry An extract from an essay using the Harvard referencing system Essay extract The literal adaptation of a book to film is practically impossible.As Steam (AAA, p. 4) suggests: The shift from a single-track verbal medium such as the novel to a multi- track medium like film, which can play not only with words (written and spoken) but also with music, sound effects, and moving bibliographic images, explains the unlikelihood and undesirability of literal fidelity. Comments Always provide author, year and page number(s) when quoting. Quotes longer than thirty words are indented both sides, and are one font size smaller. Ellipsis (†¦ Shows one or more words have been omitted.It is puzzling, then, that readers and audiences are so critical of adaptations which take liberties, sometimes for the better, with their source material. Film adaptations of novels are frequently ‘castigated and held to an absurdly rigorous standard of fidelity (Steam Bibb, p. 15). If key scenes from a novel are pruned for film, audiences often react negatively. However, fidelity is not an appropriate measure for evaluating a film adaptation's success, as numerous scholars concur (Despond ; Hawkers 2006; Letch 2008; McFarland 1996; Miller ; Steam 2004). Judging film adaptations is ultimately, Whelan (1999, p . ) contends, ‘an inexact science dogged by value judgments about the relative artistic worth of literature and film'. A fan of a novel might denigrate a film adaptation which alters the original book in some fashion, but their response is highly subjective and fails to take into account the practices and realities of film production (McFarland 2007, p. 26). Sometimes there are grounds for hostility. Author Alan Moore has witnessed a number of his complex graphic novels adapted into shallow Hollywood products, making him extremely critical of filmmakers and the filmmaker process (Assures 2009).However, this kind of attitude can be knee-Jerk and reactionary. Rather than being overly pedantic about textual faithfulness, it is best to approach film adaptations as re-interpretations of their source material (Hutchison 2006, p. 8) or as ‘a permutation of text, an intellectuality (Scariest, cited in Sanders 2006, p. 2). Moreover, new modes of production further complicate exis ting definitions of, and approaches to, adaptation (Moore, MR. 2010, p. 180). So The letters ‘a' and ‘b' have been added to the years here and above to distinguish between different sources by the same author (Steam) published in the same year.Several sources cited at once. Quotes shorter than thirty words are enclosed in single quotation marks. Always provide author, year and page number(s) when paraphrasing a printed source. Internet documents require the same information for the in-text reference (author and year). No page number for electronic sources unless available. Quote from Scariest found in Sanders' work. If authors have similar surnames, include first initials in reference to avoid confusion. 5 References Assures, S 2009, Why Alan Moore hates comic-book movies', Total Film, 2 February, viewed 5 December 2010, .Despond,J & Hawkers, P 2006, Adaptation: studying film and literature, McGraw-Hill, Boston. Hutchison, L 2006, A theory of adaptation, Rutledge, New Yo rk. Letch, T 2008, ‘Adaptation studies at a crossroads', Adaptation, Volvo. 1, no. 1, up. 63-77. McFarland, B 1996, Novel to film: an introduction to the theory of adaptation, Oxford University Press, New York. ? 2007, ‘Reading film and literature', in D Cartel & I Whelan (des), The Cambridge companion to literature on screen, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, up. 15-28. Miller, T & Steam, R (des) 2004, A companion to film theory, Blackwell Publishing, viewed 30 October 012, .Moore, MR. 2010, ‘Adaptation and new media', Adaptation, Volvo. 3, no. 2, up. 179- 92. Sanders, J 2006, Adaptation and appropriation, Rutledge, New York. Steam, R AAA, ‘Introduction: the theory and practice of adaptation', in R Steam & A Orange (des), Literature and film: a guide to the theory and practice of film adaptation, Blackwell Publishing, Malden, up. 1-52. ? Bibb, Literature through film: realism, magic, and the art of adaptation, Blackwell Publishing, Malden. Whelan, 1 199 9, ‘Adaptations: the contemporary dilemmas', in D Cartel & I Whelan (des), Adaptations: from text to screen, screen to text, Rutledge, London, up. -19. Online newspaper or magazine article Book with two authors Book Journal article Two works by same author, listed chronologically Dash used when more than one work by same author listed Chapter in an edited book Ebook. Two editors Journal article Book from which Serviette's quote taken Two works by same author in same year, listed a and b based on alphabetical order of title of the work Dash used Please note: this extract is from an assignment written in the Humanities. Please refer to published work in your area of study for examples of referencing conventions pacific to your discipline. What if your source does not exactly match any of these examples? This guide of source you need to reference in the pages that follow, and construct your reference in that format using the example(s) provided to guide you. While this guide prov ides a wide range of examples, it is not possible to provide a model for every type of source you might use in your assignments. If you cannot find an exact match for the type of source you need to reference, find examples for similar sources and combine the elements to create the reference you need.For instance, the reference low is for a chapter in an edited document which was found online in PDF form. It has been created through combining aspects of the following types of references: a chapter in an edited book an online document in PDF form. Author/authoring body Year of publication Title of the chapter Editors Title of online document Drunkard, P 2012, ‘The integrated reporting Journey, in C Van deer Lust & D Milan (des), Making investment grade: the future of corporate reporting, United Nations Environment Programmer, Dolomite and the Centre for Corporate Governance in Africa, up. 25-28, viewed 4 December 2012, .Publisher Page numbers of the chapter Date the document was viewed Internet address (URL) If you cannot find comparable reference types, always identify the following components of the source, and arrange them in the order below: author, editor, or authoring body/organization year of publication title publication information. Harvard referencing Unions – Examples Print Includes any materials created for publication in paper form Basic format: Author's family name, Initial(s) OR Authoring body year, Title of book, Author's family name, followed by a comma and initial(s) of any given names, or authoring body.Year of publication, followed by a comma. Title of book in italics, followed by a comma. Use upper case for the first letter in the title and lower case for the rest unless referring to names or places, I. E. Lawrence of Arabia. Gordon, M 2009, Manual of nursing diagnosis, Jones & Bartlett Publishers, Sturdy, Mass. Place of publication. If more than one place of publication is listed, give only the first listed. If there is another place with the same name, or if the place is little known, add the state or country (abbreviated), e. G. Texas, SLD, or Dully, SLD. Full stop at the end. Publisher, followed by a comma.Type of reference Book with 1 author (this can include a person or an authoring body, e. G. A sponsoring organization) In-text reference examples Cabochon (2008, p. 108) discusses. †¦ Was discussed in the study (Cabochon 2008, p. 108). †¦ A better world (Denied Green Consulting Services 2008, p. 5). Reference list examples Cabochon, M 2008, Maps and legends, Immenseness Books, San Francisco. Denied Green Consulting Services 2008, Capital idea: realizing value from environmental and social performance, Denied Green Consulting Services, North Carlton, Victoria. Further information Type of reference Book with 2 or 3 authorsIn-text reference examples Campbell, Fox and De Swart (2010, p. 46) argue†¦ †¦ Alternatives are preferable (Campbell, Fox & De Swart 2010, p. 46). Reference list e xamples Campbell, E, Fox, R & De Swart, M 2010, Students' guide to legal writing, law exams and self assessment, 3rd den, Federation Press, Sydney. As suggested by Hankie et al. (2006, p. 14)†¦ †¦ Has been suggested (Hankie et al. 2006, p. 14). Hankie, RE, Ova, D, Dillydally, GEL, Waltham, JAR, Shares, SMS, Wagner, RE ; Simmer, MS 2006, Nuclear medicine, 2nd den, Mossy Elsevier, Philadelphia. Book with no date or an approximate dateThis is emphasized by Seas (n. D. ) when†¦ This is emphasized by Seas (c. 2005) when†¦ Seas, R n. D. , Micro-computer applications, Microsoft Press, Redmond, Washington. Seas, R c. 2005, Micro-computer applications, Microsoft Press, Redmond, Washington. 2nd or later edition of a book Borrowed and Thompson (2009, p. 33) explain†¦ †¦ Components of filmmaker (Borrowed ; Thompson 2009, p. 33). Scariest (1995) has achieved great currency since its translation. †¦ Is argued as the reason for this tension (Scariest 1995). Borro wed, D ; Thompson, K 2009, Film art: an introduction, 9th den, Mac-Gram Hill, New York.Translated book Scariest,J 1995, New maladies of the soul, trans. R Superman, Columbia University Press, New York. Further information When multiple authors' names are included within your sentence (not in brackets) use the full spelling of ‘and'. When the authors' names are in brackets or in the reference list, use ‘&. When there are 4 or more authors, only use the first author's name in-text followed by the abbreviation et al. But include all names in the reference list. If there is no date use n. D. If there is an approximate date use c. (this meaner ‘circa' – Latin for ‘around/about').The edition number comes erectly after the title in the reference list. Edition is not mentioned in-text. The translator's name is not referenced in-text – it only appears after the title in the reference list. 9 Edited book reference examples Morrison (De. 2010) questions wh ether†¦ It is not clear whether this point supports his previous assertions (De. Morrison 2010). Reference list examples Morrison, D (De. ) 2010, The Cambridge companion to Socrates, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Further information When the editor's name is included within your sentence (not in brackets) place De. In the brackets following their name.When the editor's name is in brackets, put De. Before their name. When editors' names are included within your sentence (not in brackets) use the full spelling of ‘and'. When their names are in brackets or in the reference list, use ‘&. Note the use of ‘des' (no full stop) for multiple editors. When there are 4 or more editors, only use the first editor's name in-text followed by the abbreviation et al. But include all names in the reference list. Edited (De. ), revised (rev. ) or compiled (come. ) book with 2 or 3 editors Greenberg, Pollard and Salubrious (des 2011) are interested in providing a ramekin for†¦. . Is included in this framework (des Greenberg, Pollard ; sailplanes 2011). Greenberg, F, Pollard, N ; Salubrious, D (des) 2011, Occupational therapies without borders: towards an ecology of occupation-based practices, Volvo. 2, Churchill Livingston Elsevier, Edinburgh. Edited book with 4 or more editors In their collection of essays, Barnett et al. (des 2006) explore†¦ †¦ Is explored throughout (des Barnett et al. 2006). Barnett, T, Beriberi, N, Harder, S, Hooking, R ; Outlook, G (des) 2006, London was full of rooms, Lathrup Press, Adelaide. 10 Chapter in an edited bookBasic format: Author's family name, Initial(s) OR Authoring body year, ‘Title of chapter', in Editor's Initial(s) plus family name (De. ), Title of book, Publisher, Place of publication, up. X-xx. Author's family name, followed by a comma and initial(s) of any given names, or authoring body. Year of publication, followed by a comma. Title of the chapter in single inverted commas, followed by a comma. Use upper case for the first letter of the title and lower case for the rest unless referring to names or places. Initial(s) and family name of the books editor, followed by (De. ) for one editor and (des) for multiple editors.

Cloning Humans essays

Cloning Humans essays As technology advances, new breakthroughs are discovered. With these new developments, serious ethical and moral questions arise. Though there are many advantages of cloning, many religions do not agree with it. Many people say that it is wrong to try and interfere with nature, and that cloning humans is playing God. Some believe that cloning human traits and organs would take away their individual personality and uniqueness. Some may question whether or not it is acceptable into todays society, and the effect it will have on the future population. It seems that in this essay, the author is incorrect about his predicaments on human cloning. In Krauthammers essay, he proves that cloning is the technology of narcissism and nothing satisfies narcissism like immortality, and that headlessness will be clonings crowning achievement(Krauthammer,68). Early in the essay, the author discusses an event where some lab researchers at two universities experimented with some mice and tadpoles and they deleted the gene that produces the head; they died instantly. He argues that there is no point in creating them if they are going to die(Krauthammer,68). The researchers experimented on these mice and tadpoles for a reason; they wanted to learn how genes determine embryo development. Therefore, there is no big deal in creating these headless tadpoles and mice; it is being done for beneficial reasons. The author also informs the readers that we should be panicking because the next thing researchers will be using for their embryo experiments will be humans, and if humans are not conscious, they are not considered persons, so it is legal to keep them alive(Krauthammer,68). There is no need to panic simply because there is nothing to panic about. As long as no one is hurt in the process, then there is no reason why these researchers should not proceed to clone humans. There should b ...

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Federalism essays

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Federalism essays Federalism is one way that governments choose to solve the problem of governing large populations and/or diverse cultures. Federalism works by dividing its authority and responsibility, as opposed to a unitary government, in which the central government controls everything. Examples of federalism operating successfully include the United States, One advantage of federalism is that by allowing the central government to delegate many government functions to states or provinces, it has more time to focus on world issues and policies. With such a system in place, the state governments can focus on local responsibilities, which works better because state and local representatives are closer to the issues and problems that affect their population. In addition, it is impractical for a national government to assume it can have one central location; the government can not cover large areas of geography nor can it keep up with population growth. As a result, federalism brings the government closer to the people because the people have easier access to local officials and they also have a greater influence on how local governments govern. Disadvantages of a federal system include the division among subcultures. When individuals of the same mind become concentrated in one area, problems erupt that demand intervention from the federal government. For example, the South generated a strong subculture, which lead to the Civil War. In addition, a single party can sometimes dominate local governments, they seem to block progress at times, and they are more open to corruption. (73) While certainly local governments have the potential to become corrupt and dominating, the advantages and results gained from using federalism as a means of governing prove to be the most successful. ...