Sociology Of Family Questions Free Essay Example, 1000 words

They contend that while a woman must embrace her traditional role as the primary family caregiver, she must also be allowed to pursue a professional career. They raise the issue with conservatives' point of view by pointing out that they rely on women as exploited and underpaid caregivers who allow men the opportunity to pursue their activities outside the family setting. In essence, men are allowed a great deal of liberation while women are restricted to family settings. Liberals while advocating for women independence fail to acknowledge that this independence was facilitated from the family and was only made possible by family relationships. Feminists propose a system that would involve judging a family based on its functioning and not form. Functioning, in this context, is human satisfaction and development while the form is the family structure. Feminists further add that reforms to ‘build and maintain the social capital of volunteer groups, neighborhoods and communities are the way to go in building family structures (85-86). I agree with the feminist view as expressed by Gisele (76-86). The paper has clearly presented the conservatives, liberals and feminists ideas and made a clear distinction between them. Q 3: What is the myth of universality? Skolnick and Skolnick (3) define the myth of universality as the belief that all families are fundamentally similar even though they differ in members, emotional settings, living dynamics, principles, social and family networks and economic functions. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology Of Family Questions or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now This similarities and differences have made it difficult to formulate a definition for the family that would hold true across time and place. While the myth of universality is a noble and commendable attempt at defining families, it is a serious disservice to understanding the concept of family as it influences perceptions of the concept by narrowing perception and considering deviations as perversities (4). I disagree with the myth of universality and believe that the definition of a family is dependent on the setting, cultural background and beliefs. For instance, among the Muslim faithful a man is allowed to marry up to four wives and divorce is common, such that any family with four wives and one husband is considered normal and divorce is a common occurrence. This is, however, not the case among the Catholics. Based on their bible teachings a man is only allowed to marry one wife and divorce is frowned upon. An attempt at defining a family in the Muslim setting would be unacceptable among the Catholics and vice versa.

The Life Of The Sands Family - 892 Words

The Sands Family Family in Spanish is Familia, to some people family is just family, but to me familia is all that I have. My family is very important to me; we’ve been through a great deal of hardships that have brought us closer. Before I begin talking about my family, I want to describe the place in our house in which we spend the most time in. This room isn’t very large, but it’s cozy. The walls are brown, like peanut butter, and it has three windows shaped like squares, with beautiful brown curtains draped across the top, it also has two couches suitable for our family of five, with a 65inch television, which is awesome because we’re all Football Fans, with Surround sound speakers we feel like we’re in a movie theater. There are also some family pictures of my siblings and I when we we’re born. So this is our room, which is special to us, but what’s most special about it is that it brings my family together. I could begin the book of my life with a picture of my parents, they are imperative in my life, they met in a club in New York, and dated five years, then my father popped the big question. They’ve been married for 25 years, they have helped me in my development as a young lady, also they gave me the tools I needed to be a â€Å"somebody† in the future, and they provided my basic needs, like food, clothes, medicine, and most importantly LOVE. They taught me good ethics, for instance how to behave, and toShow MoreRelatedEssay on Bad Families in Bel Kaufmans Sunday in the Park 973 Words   |  4 PagesBad Families in Bel Kaufmans Sunday in the Park  Ã‚   When first read, Bel Kaufmans Sunday in the Park seems to be a story about two families in a public park; one family is good and likes to avoid conflict, and the other is a more hostile family consisting of a father and a son, who both seem to be bullies. 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A Reflection of Five Weeks of the Co-Operative Nursing Experience free essay sample

A Reflection of Five Weeks of the Co-operative Nursing Experience Rebecca Tutt, RN University of Texas at Arlington In partial fulfillment of the requirements of N3300 Specialized Topics in Nursing (Co-Op) Beth Mancini, RN, Ph. D. March 7, 2013 Online RN to BSN Introduction The co-operative nursing assignment has given me the opportunity to use my critical thinking, decision-making, leadership, and clinical nursing expertise learned throughout the RN-BSN program. The fostering of critical thinking as one of the terminal learning goals of nursing education based on the idea that critical thinking is important not only in the nursing workplace, but also in nursing education† (Shin, Jung, Shin amp; Kim, 2006, p. 233). My critical thinking skills have been enhanced throughout the program due to class assignments and the use of professional nursing journals. Critical thinking was used to set the three goals that will be reviewed in this paper, from data-gathering skills to decision- making skills. Leadership and communication skills are essential for my role as nursing supervisor in an ambulatory primary care clinic. The RN-BSN program leadership and management class has been valuable in my growth as a leader. Nurses in management roles â€Å"must be skilled communicators and relationship builders, have knowledge of the health care environment, exhibit leadership skills, display professionalism, and demonstrate core leadership competencies (Sullivan, 2012). I used these leadership skills while completing my team dynamics goal that will be reviewed in this paper. Throughout the last five weeks of the co-operative nursing experience, I have seen my skills, behaviors, and attitude change. Prior to starting the three projects for this class, I was still lacking confidence at times when coaching members of my nursing team. I became timid and listless, which became obvious since it was not my normal behavior. All three of these characteristics have improved while working on both the professionalism and team dynamics goals. In coaching a medical office assistant last week for not meeting the expectations of her job, I kept a professional attitude and remained confident. The medical office assistant corrected the issue immediately and has continued to meet the expectations of her job since the coaching session. Evidence Based Practice The evidence based practice goal that I set was to identify one patient education topic in my primary care clinic that needed improvement. I planned to monitor incoming patient telephone calls and survey the patients after visit summaries for two weeks to identify the topic. I was able to quickly identify my topic as patient education regarding an accurate medication list and understanding the completion of medication reconciliation at each office visit. In the outpatient setting, safe medication management presents a greater challenge† (Leonhardt, Bonin, amp; Pagel, 2007, p. 8). While speaking with patients on the phone, I found that we were not doing a good job of educating them about the importance of an accurate medication list. A significant number of patients were taking over- the-counter and herbal medicati on that could have interacted with some of their prescriptions, but they were not on the current medication list in the electronic medical record [EMR]. These conversations reinforced that additional patient education was needed. I collaborated with staff; researched patient education of medication list, and read peer reviewed nursing journal articles to compile an appropriate resource guide for the nursing staff to use as an educational tool with our patients. A key strategy recommended by national and international patient safety experts is to engage patients in the medication process through a collaborative relationship with their providers (Leonhardt, Bonin, amp; Pagel, 2007). I collaborated with the Clinical Staff Assistant [CSA] supervisor to start engaging the patients about the medication from check-in through their office visit. To do this, we implemented giving the patient a copy of the current medication list we had on file and asking the patient to review and make corrections to the list as needed. When patients are brought back for rooming, the nurse or medical office assistant will review the printed list with the patient prior to documenting in the EMR. During the office visit, we will review polypharmacy and are adding a document to our resources section of the EMR egarding polypharmacy and accurate medication list that will be given to all patients. I have always been aware of the importance of accurate medication list, but was not reviewing this often enough in our patients EMR. As a result of this project, I have made an audit tool for myself as nursing supervisor to complete every two weeks. I will check the EMR to make sure the medication list was reviewed accurately and I will check to make sure the patient education tool added to the resources is being given to all patients. Improvements in patient safety in the clinic setting require physicians, nurses, and administrators to commit to identifying structural and process changes that make it easier to provide consistently safer care† (Schauberger, amp; Larson, 2006, p. 421). Professionalism The professionalism goal that I set was to develop a preceptorship program for my clinic that would provide socialization, team support, and clearly defined expectations of professional behavior and performance for new nursing staff. To achieve this goal, my plan was to seek guidance from the American Academy of Ambulatory Care Nursing [AAACN] and the clinical nurse educator assigned to the clinic through the administration. I also used nursing journals for reference and research of nursing preceptorship programs. â€Å"The importance of nurse preceptors in helping to educate new nurses cannot be overemphasized as they mentor new nurses and help them to visualize the range of roles they will perform in a variety of clinical settings† (Paterniti, 2006). The preceptorship program was a large task to tackle. I started by meeting with LaBecca Doyle, RN, BSN, MA, clinical nurse educator. She was insightful and gave me tips on how to research preceptor programs. At that point, I started researching program styles and looked to see if any of the clinics in our building had a program that could be modified to fit my clinic. I then began looking at the current staff to see who had the right skill set to be a preceptor in the ambulatory setting. After selecting three nurses, one from each POD, I set up a meeting to collaborate on this project. I brought all of the articles and outlines regarding preceptor programs to the table. The collaboration with the nursing staff was contributory to achieving the goal of implementing a preceptorship program within our clinic. We all agreed on making a binder with an outline of the program, which would include the description of the preceptor’s role, position relations, role responsibilities, an orientation agreement between the preceptor and the orientee, an agreement between the preceptor and the nursing supervisor, and instructions to the preceptor. I began working diligently on the project and was able to complete the binder prior to a new nurse starting on May 7, 2013. As a result of pursing this goal, my leadership skills, collaboration skills, communications, and relationship skills have been enhanced. The support by the preceptor’s colleagues and the nurse-manager are imperative to meeting the organizations expectations to prepare the new nurse to function independently (Paterniti, 2006). Additional changes to my role after the implementation of this program will be to meet weekly, when we have new hires, with preceptors and new nursing staff. The preceptor will remain with the new nurse for four weeks, but â€Å"time, environment and expertise† (Modic amp; Schloesser, 2006) will also play a factor in the orientation time. A nurturing environment is essential for optimal growth† (Modic amp; Schloesser, 2006), so making sure each nurse is given to best scenario to success will be my job as the nursing supervisor. All of this will allow me to build important relationships with the staff as well as to review the program and see if changes are needed. Team Dynamics The team dynamics goal that I set was to identify the nursing role of team empowerment and the relationships between team members, team environment, and job satisfaction within POD 3 of my clinic. I planned to achieve this goal by observation, interaction, and a survey to empower the team members with clear and jointly developed goals. I wanted to make sure there was an appropriate mix of skills and expertise within the team, and reward team performance appropriately. In completing the observation phase of my goal, I was able to look at the POD 3 team, as I had not done before. I not only observed their nursing and medical office assistant skills, I also looked at their interaction with each other. During this time, I was able to see that communication was not always accurate. When providers came out of patients rooms and directed the wrong nurse to complete a task, they became frustrated because they had their own provider to support. This experience, even though trying, was still contributory to my end goal. To have a team that is truly working together, we had to have the physicians on board as well. My initial thought was to only look at nursing; I realized I needed to look at the physicians as well. I went back to my original goal and decided to add the physicians in the mix of team dynamics. I plan to collaborate with the nursing staff to see what they think will help resolve this problem. â€Å"When nurses are able to contribute to practice decision-making, including policy development and equipment selection, they are likely to have a stronger connection to their work setting, thus promoting retention† (Friese, amp; Himes-Ferris, 2013, p. 153). I have also planned a lunch for the end of May with all of the nursing and provider staff from POD 3 to collaborate on how we can communicate better as a team. In assessing job satisfaction of the nursing staff in POD 3, I made a survey to be completed anonymously and placed it in a sealed box. I read many nursing articles regarding job satisfaction and based the survey from those articles. The results were overwhelmingly positive with great comments about their peers and provider. One nurse stated, â€Å"This is the best team I have worked with in a long time and it makes me look forward to coming to work each day† (C. P, personal communication, May 3, 2013). Although the majority of the survey results were positive there did seem to be a problem with the location of nursing staff to providers. I looked at the seating assignments and feel like a few adjustments can be made. I also believe that this change may help with the problem of the provider seeking out the wrong nurse to assist him. As a result of pursuing this goal, I have enhanced my observations skills as well as my leadership skills. After the first observation of POD 3, I realized that I too walked around with blinders on. I was solely focused on if the nursing staff was completing the tasks they were assigned, and if they were using the EMR correctly. By stepping back and observing, I learned that this team is empowered by each other. Their skills sets are complimentary of each other allowing them to assist each other in various ways without having to seek out additional help from other POD’s. The lead nurse in this POD is interactive with all of the team members and appears to communicate effectively with everyone. I think pursing this goal has increased my knowledge as a team leader and I have built better relationships with all of the nursing team. Conclusion and Impact on Practice I found that reflective journaling of each day made me stop and look at how I was performing as a nursing leader. I gained insight and confidence from journaling because it let me see my accomplishments for each day and it allowed me to see that I was leading by example. It also showed my continued growth in professionalism, which was seen on many occasions while interacting with staff on all levels. At first, writing goals to achieve in a five week period made me nervous. I have continuously incorporated healthier time management skills using Covey’s Model, which I learned about in Professional Nursing Aamp;B. I have been successful at managing my time, but I had no idea where I would find time to complete the three goals. By using this model and other time management skills, I was able to complete the three goals and maintain my daily nursing supervisor tasks without a lot of extra stress. This increased my confidence as a nurse and a leader. I believe the experience gained from setting goals of evidenced based care, professionalism, and team dynamics has helped expand my organizational skills as well as my nursing knowledge. My philosophy of nursing has only been enhanced from all of the RN-BSN program classes. I believe the core of nursing is the actual care and caring for the patient. In my opinion, patient-centered care allows nurses to give the highest quality care. Patients want nurses who are engaging them to be involved in their own care as well as being caring, compassionate, trustworthy, and advocates for them. â€Å"The nurse strives to provide patients with opportunities to participate in planning care, assures that patients find the plan acceptable and supports the implementation of the plan† (American Nurses Association [ANA], n. d). While searching for my patient education topic for this paper, I found many of our clinic patients wanted to be more engaged in their care. They wanted to understand the importance of possible interactions of over- the-counter medications with prescription medications as well as why they should tell their healthcare team when they are adding and deleting medications from their daily regimen. Each step in the co-operative nursing experience as well as all of the other RN-BSN classes has influenced my nursing practice in a positive manner. My effective listening skills were enhanced while speaking with patients and members of my nursing team. I have gained a better foundation and understanding of evidenced-based practice through the research articles, which has reinforced my philosophy of quality care for the patient. I have become a better leader for my nursing team by being more knowledgeable of professionalism in nursing. I enhanced my knowledge of team building skill and activities through the successful completion of my team dynamics goal. Over the last five weeks, I have grown as a nurse and a person, which will allow me to continue to be an effective nursing supervisor as well as a competent individual contributor to nursing. References American Nurses Association. 2010). Code of ethics for nurses with interpretive statements. Retrieved from http://nursingworld. org/MainMenuCategories/EthicsStandards/ CodeofEthicsforNurses/Code-of-Ethics. pdf Friese, PhD, RN, AOCN, FAAN, C. R. , amp; Himes-Ferris, MPH, L. (2013). Nursing practice environments and job outcomes in ambulatory oncology settings. THE JOURNAL OF NURSING ADMINISTRATION,  43(3), 149-154. Retrieved from http://deepblue. lib. umich. edu/bitstream/handle/2027. 42/96543/Nursing practice environments and job outcomes in ambulatory oncology settings. pdf? sequence=1 Leonhardt, MD, MPH, K. , Bonin, RHIA, CPHQ, D. , amp; Pagel, RN, BSN, P. 2007). How to create an accurate medication list in the outpatient setting through a patient-centered approach. Retrieved from http://patientsafety. org/file_depot/0-10000000/20000-30000/24986/folder/65244/medtoolkit. pdf Modic, M. B. , amp; Schloesser, M. (2006). Preceptorship. journal for nurses in Staff Development,  22(1), 39-40. Paterniti, T. (2006). The successful nurse preceptor. Pulse,May, 25-29. Retrieved from http://www. hypnosisdfw. com/PULSE0506. pdf Schauberger, M. D. , M. S. , C. W. , amp; Larson, R. N. , M. S. , P. (2006). Implementing patient safety practices in small ambulatory care settings. Joint Commission Journal

Sustainable Tourism and Market Economics

Introduction As socio-environmental and economic consequences of tourism persist, there has been increasing need for the tourism industry to adopt sustainable approaches in its management of protected areas.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sustainable Tourism and Market Economics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sustainable tourism refers to putting in place measures that ensure that tourism activities have low impact on the region’s environment, economy as well as the local culture while generating economic benefits to the people (Mowforth and Munt 17). It aims at providing positive experience to tourism firms, the local people as well as the tourists themselves. They also come to understand the local culture as well as the significance of conserving tourism resources. Business management approaches have continued to dominate tourism institutionally as well as philosophically (Hall and Lew 199). The study therefore is built on market-driven approaches and strategies based on socio-environmental as well as economic strategies aimed at achieving financial sustainability. Values and ethics of sustainable tourism Sustainable tourism advocates for inclusive and sustainable community commitment. Tourism development has to involve the community that is seeking to achieve positive benefits from tourism. Sustainable tourism takes into account the Whole Place Development theory which advocates for development of sustainable communities. According to Billington, Carter and Husain (5) Whole Place Development refers to the dynamic process of creating public as well as private spaces by utilizing the input of the stakeholders who are the community to develop a desirable place with good living environment where the community is able to sustain itself and prosper.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn M ore Whole development helps utilize community partnerships in harnessing strategies, finance, science as well as narratives and cultures in creating socially and economically attractive, vibrant and efficient tourist destinations. Sustainable tourism also involves balancing economic, environmental as well as social goals of tourism. This should include imposing limits and restrictions on specific tourist activities. There should be limits which are formally accepted by key stakeholders. In addition, the carrying capacity needs to be clearly defined. Stakeholders in tourism are also obligated to provide tourists with honest information about their destinations regarding travel, hospitality as well as stays. It has to ensure partnerships as well as establishment of balanced cooperation between tourism providers and tourists in achieving sustainable tourism development plus equitable distribution of benefits. It must aim at benefitting those who exploit tourism resources and those wh o neither exploit nor damage the environment in which they stay and earn a living from without direct involvement in tourism. The local communities should be able to share equitably the cultural, social as well as the economic benefits generated. Tourism policies should be designed to help improve the standard of living of the local people. Socio-environmental concerns have to be effectively addressed as tourist operators and developers aim to attract tourists and increase revenues. Part of the revenue should be used to develop tourism resources. Tourism infrastructure and activities have to be designed in a manner that helps protect and conserve the natural heritage. Finally, tourism has to promote mutual understanding as well as respect among societies and between people.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sustainable Tourism and Market Economics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Mass Tourism Mass tourism refers t o the act of visiting tourist destinations with a large number of people at the same time. It is therefore important to understand the impacts of a large number of visitors on a particular destination or over-exposure of a destination to a single group of tourists. Tourism operators usually construct physical facilities based on the mental images of the physical appearance of tourist destinations and also tailor images according to what they think consumers need. In most cases, the desired image of the physical facilities influences the services and activities offered. This could in turn consistently attract a specific group of tourists. Mass tourism is encouraged by technological developments especially in the transport sector and other tourism facilities. According to Weaver (57) mass tourism is likely to minimize tourist interaction with the local people. On the contrary sustainable tourism aims at achieving places where tourists and the local community are able to involve in soc io-cultural exchange. Meaningful spaces help create positive interactions between the community and tourists. Tourist operators should also define the limit of social, economic as well as ecological usage of resources to avoid adverse mass tourism impacts. The aspect of carrying capacity is very important and helps define mass tourism. An increase in the level of mass tourism without adequate control measures put in place could damage the natural environment and the habitats for wildlife thereby interfering with the future capacity of the region to attract tourist.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For mass tourism in natural environments, the tourist operators have to provide a certain timeframe which is enough for recovery. Mitigation measures should be put in place to help avoid or recover from environmental damages attributed to mass tourism. Market Economics Market economics refers to a situation where economic decisions as well as prices of goods and services are less controlled by the government but are instead left to be determined by the interactions of citizens and businesses (Dwyer, Forsyth and Dwyer 21). Under market economy, it is assumed that market forces like supply and demand best determine the country’s well-being. The government therefore less engages in intervention measures like price fixing, industry subsidizations as well as license quotas. In tourism, market access and economics ensures that the tourism management works hand in hand with the regional destination management units as well as key stakeholders in order to ensure that the industry max imizes global and domestic transport systems to the tourism resources (Bull 64). They also have to consider accommodation and intermediaries as key components of tourism (Sinclair Stabler 59). According to market economics, tourism supply should consider the level and nature of inter-firm as well as inter-sector competition and the resulting consequences on the consumer welfare. In market economies, suppliers who are the management of tourism firms, determine the prices for tourism services and products. The prices charged and output decisions of a firm has no significant effect on another since they may offer different quality using varied approaches to conserve and develop the resources and facilities. According to Hunt (7) if the community that aims to benefit from tourism builds the place to give it its own identity, character as well as community presence, so as to achieve sustainable tourism, tourists will be attracted and it will in turn benefit the community and the region. Bergstrom (11) states that increasing the quality of the tourism resource, experiences and facilities by applying the whole place development strategy highly determines the quality of tourists who visit the place. This calls for careful planning as well as cooperation with the local community, tourism developers together with heritage managers to further direct tourist traffic to preferred areas taking consideration of the desired number. This ensures that tourists receive satisfactory experience giving the destination its identity and the income it desires while ensuring community satisfaction. According to market economics approach, tourism organizations have to operate to ensure that supply and demand meet economies of scale both in terms of financial and socio-environmental sustainability (Sinclair and Stabler 82). Tourism organizations have to put in place economic indicators as well as measures that mitigate risk factors in the sector. Market failure In market economies where the tourism sector is unregulated, funding for research and developments in the sector might prove to be a great challenge. In such situations therefore, tourism firms including protected areas have to depend on revenues from products and services to reinvest in conservation activities (Sinclair Stabler 65). Inadequate protection and conservation of wildlife and other protected areas could certainly lead to degradation of natural as well as social capital. Depletion of economic, social as well as natural capital often causes externalization costs to the general public (Cohen and Winn 42). Players as well as societies in market economies may sometimes underestimate natural capital since they are not wholly aware of the actual cost of its degradation. This makes them less capacitated to make informed choices. Cohen and Winn (42) assert that as opposed to the economic theory, most firms including tourist organizations are not perfect optimizers. As such they do not prioritize resourc e allocation since they take important business activities and aspects as usual. Tourism Impacts Tourists who visit a place are normally attracted by the image of the area environment. The quality of the environment greatly determines the success of tourism of a place. Sustainable tourist development therefore requires commitment by all the stakeholders involved to protect and improve the environment. However, it should be noted that tourism development could have impacts on the environment. The impacts could either be positive or negative. Tourism impacts are therefore the consequence of tourism activities which can be both negative and positive. Economically, tourism earns revenue to the community and country as a whole and also creates jobs for the local people. According to Weaver (46) alternative tourists generally spend money especially on more locally owned as well as operated facilities across a wider region. This means that wealth generated from tourism expenditure spread t hroughout the tourist destination. According to Stynes (4) part of the money that tourists spend while receiving services and also on goods leak out of the area to cover for the cost of goods imported to carter for the needs of the residents and the tourists themselves. Sustainable tourism also plans the needs of both the tourists and the community simultaneously. It improves the community’s qualities which include functionality, aesthetics as well as overall reputation benefits. Tourism therefore helps the community acquire social amenities, safety, reliable transportation as well as proper waste management for satisfaction of both the residents and the tourists thus improving the quality of life of the residents (Billington, Carter and Husain 8). The quality of life determines the residents’ civic participation in tourism activities as well as their level of satisfaction. Conversely, tourism often makes it necessary to import most of the tourists’ requirements meaning that much money has to leave the country. In addition, overseas investors who finance some of the tourist facilities also export their profits to their countries. Tourism developers also require the government to improve infrastructure and to provide specific financial advantages to tourist organizations which makes tourism costly for the country. Tourism could also create long-term social impacts in tourism development. Tourists come from diverse societies with different cultural values and lifestyles and since they come seeking pleasure, they usually spend much money and always behave in ways not even acceptable in their own societies (Crandall 236). The local people may be tempted to behave the same way as the tourists. Perhaps the most affected by tourism impacts is the natural environment. Tourism developers often prefer to build tourist facilities on the coast, where the facility will be close to a beach or may a coral reef (UNEP Islands 8). However, the coast is very fragile and vulnerable. This could lead to environmental vs. economic conflict or conflict between uses. In general, tourism projects not carefully planned and managed could lead to significant damage to the natural environment. It could also create serious pollution to the environment. On the other hand, developing transport infrastructure could help open up remote areas and increase convenience of travel across the country. Conclusion Sustainable tourism needs to consider and balance various aspects of the business including the environment, social and economic aspects. It has to balance the aspects of market economies with environmental and social sustainability in order to achieve sustainable economic and socio-environment gains from tourism. Works Cited Bergstrom, Kip. Using Tourism to Make Whole Places. November, 2006. Web. Billington, Robert, Carter Natalie and Husain Shireen. Sustaining Tourism Using Whole Place Development Techniques. Pawtucket: Blackstone Valley Visitor C enter. 2010. Print. Bull, Adrian. The economics of travel and tourism. 2nd edition. Melbourne, Australia: Longman. 1995. Print. Cohen, Boyd and Winn, Monika. Market imperfections, opportunity and sustainable entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(1): 29-49. Makati City: International Academy of Business and Economics. 2007. Print. Crandall, Louise. 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